Buddhism in Nepal (Satis Shroff)

The Dalai Lama and the holy tibetan script
Der Buddhismus war ursprünglich eine philosophische Reformbewegung, eine von vielen, die aus der Krise der vedisch-brahmanischen Religion im 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. resultierten. Der historische Buddha wurde um 563 v. Chr. in Lumbini, im Süden des heutigen Nepal, nahe der Stadt Kapilavastu, als Prinz Siddhartha geboren. Nach seinem Familiennamen Shakya wurde er später auch Buddha Shakyamuni genannt.Die Mutter Maya war eine Prinzessin aus dem Geschlecht der Koliya von Devadaha. Ihre Schwester Mahapajapati übernahm die Pflege des Kindes, da Maya eine Woche nach der Geburt starb.
Im Mahayana Buddhismus tragen auch göttliche Wesen, die sich nie in menschlichen Leibern verkörpern, den Namen Buddha. Sie werden als Transzendente Buddhas bezeichnet, früher war der Ausdruck Dhyani-Buddhas üblich. Sie stellen die geistigen Mächte dar, die die Welt regieren, Vairocana in der Mitte, Aksobhya im Osten, Ratnasambhava im Süden, Amitabha im Westen, Amogasiddhi im Norden. In Nepal zieren die Bilder dieser fünf Buddhas den Türsturz jedes buddhistischen Hauses.
Im Alter von neunundzwanzig Jahren verließ der Buddha eines Nachts heimlich seine Familie und den elterlichen Fürstenhof und zog sieben Jahre als Wanderasket umher. Unter dem Bodhi-Baum (Pappelfeigenbaum) in Bodh Gaya erlangte er die Erleuchtung, die Einsicht in das Wesen des Daseins und seiner Überwindung. Später erhielt er zahlreiche Ehrentitel, vor allem Shakyamuni (der Weise der Shakyas), Jina (Sieger) und Tathagata (der Vollendete, wörtlich der ‚So-Gegangene‘.
Der Buddhismus sucht nach der letzten Ursache von Sünde und Leid und entdeckt, daß es kein Selbst oder Ich gibt. Der Buddha verkündete keine neue Religion, im Gegenteil, seine Lehre vertrat eine atheistische Weltauffassung.
Die Vorzeichen eines Lebensweges: Buddhas Lehre ist nichts mehr als die Vorzeichnung eines Lebensweges. Über andere Fragen wie Gott, Seele und die Welt. Auskunft zu geben, erklärte er für nutzlos. Seine Ansichten darüber lassen sich aber aus seiner Lehre erkennen. Sie fußt auf Samkhya-Gedanken. Der Buddha bekennt sich zu einem vollständigen Atheismus und Akosmismus, d.h. er leugnet jedes substantielle Sein, Gott, Seele und die Welt. Es gibt nur ein Werden und Vergehen ohne wirkliche Grundlage in einem anfang- und endlosen Kreislauf, dem Sansara.
Die Welt, der Gott und der Mensch sind eine Summe von physischen und psychischen Erscheinungen in ständigem Fluß, wobei die vorhergehende die nachfolgende bestimmt. Jedes Wesen gleicht einer Flamme, die scheinbar eine Substanz, in Wirklichkeit aber ein stetig voranschreitender Verbrennungsprozeß ist. In der Summe der Erscheinungen (Körperlichkeit, Empfindungen, Vorstellungen, Gestaltungen, Bewußtsein) die ein Mensch nennt, bewirkt das Karma des abgeschlossenen Lebens die Art des neuen Daseins, das ein tierisches, menschliches oder göttliches sein kann. Diese ruhelose Aufeinanderfolge ist das große Leid der Welt, das Aufhören des Kreislaufs ist die Ruhe des Nirvana1.
Die "vier edlen Wahrheiten:"Den Weg zum Nirvana will der Buddha, so wie er ihn selbst gegangen ist, auch seinen Jüngern lehren. Es ist ein Mittelweg zwischen dem Weg der weltlichen Menschen und dem Weg der sich kasteienden Asketen. So verkündet er, zum ersten Male in der Benares-Predigt, die "vier edlen Wahrheiten2". Es sind die folgenden:
1) Die Wahrheit vom Leid: Alles Dasein ist Leiden3.
2) Die Wahrheit von der Entstehung des Leidens: Aus der Unwissenheit als letztem Grund entstehen die Lebensäußerungen, als verhängnisvollste der Durst, d.h. das Haften am Dasein.
3) Die Wahrheit von der Aufhebung des Leidens: Das Aufhören der Lebensäußerungen, namentlich des Durstes, führt zum Ziel.
4) Die Wahrheit vom Weg der Aufhebung des Leidens: Auf dem edlen achtteiligen Pfad führt der Weg zur Erlösung: Rechte Einsicht, rechtes Wollen, rechtes Wort, rechte Tat, rechtes Leben, rechtes Streben, rechtes Gedenken, rechtes Sichversenken.
Unter den Lebensregeln finden sich Anleitungen zum sittlichen Handeln, die auf dem Wege voranhelfen; so wird vor allem das Wohlwollen empfohlen. Da aber auch Freude und Liebe und alle guten Handlungen Karma hinterlassen und zu einem neuen Dasein zwingen, sind sie auf den höheren Stufen zu meiden. Der Weise verharrt in völlig seelischer Untätigkeit. Der Weg Buddhas bedeutet ein Selbsterlösung ohne göttliche Hilfe, ohne selbstlose Menschenliebe, ohne Tugendübung. Nur die wenigen, die sich zur völligen Weltflucht entschließen, können diesen Weg gehen.
Der ursprüngliche Buddhismus ist deshalb wesentlich ein Mönchsreligion. Genaue Vorschriften, die zum Teil von Buddha herrühen mögen, regeln das Leben der Mönche und der Mönchsgemeinde (Sanga).
Die Heilswege und ihr Ziel: Der Buddhismus wurde durch innere Spaltungen geschwächt. Mit dem ersten nachchristlichen Jahrhundert begann in Nordindien eine Umwandlung, wodurch sich der Buddhismus klar in zwei Religionen spaltet: das Hinayana (Kleine Fahrzeug), das nur die wenigen Mönche zum Nirvana zu führen verspricht, und das Mahayana (Große Fahrzeug), das allen Menschen einen leichten Weg der Erlösung zeigen will. Die Entwicklung vollzieht sich unter dem Einfluß der alten Volksreligion und des Bhaktigedankens. Das Mahayana nähert sich der brahmanischen Religion und erleichterte die Aufsaugung durch dieselbe. Ein wichtiger Weg des Mahayana ist aber der des Vertrauens auf den Buddha und seine Lehre. Das Vertrauen (shraddha) auf den Buddha und seine Lehre fordert die ganze Person. So kann es von Tugenden und Selbstzucht begleitet, zur Erlösung führen. Das Erlösungsziel ist das Nirvana. Es wird in der Buddhaschaft erreicht, in der Erkenntnis des Illusionscharakters (Maya) des Sansara.
Im Mahayana ist es das Einswerden mit dem Absoluten, das einen andauernden Glückszustand mit sich bringt. Dies ist das Jenseits, und dieses Jenseits ist das Ziel aller derer, die im großen Fahrzeug zur Erlösung streben. Zum Jenseits des Nirvana führen alle "Fahrzeuge" im Buddhismus, zu einer Erlösung, über deren Beschaffenheit kein Wort möglich ist. Mit der Erlösung aber hat die Lehre ihr Ende.
Der freiwillige Verzicht auf Erlösung:
Die Bodhisattvas: In der neuen religiösen Richtung tritt Buddha als milder Gott vor uns. Man erhebt ihn zu einem einzigartigen göttlichen Wesen, dem Urbuddha, von dem ungezählte Ausstrahlungen erfolgen. Das sind die Dhyanabuddhas in der oberen Welt, sodann die Bodhisattvas, die Vollendeten, die auf das Nirvana verzichten, um den Menschen zu helfen, endlich die irdischen Buddhas, deren letzter Sakyamuni war. Der Grund hiervon ist das "Große Mitleid", das alle Bodhisattvas für die Wesen empfinden und das sie zur Tätigkeit für die Wesen treibt. Sie versuchen, die Leiden der Sansara auf sich zu ziehen, und umgekehrt ist es ihnen möglich, das durch ihre Verdienste gesammelte Karma auf andere zu übertragen. So sind die Bodhisattvas deutlicher Ausdruck für die Möglichkeit der Fremderlösung.
Der große Dhyanabuddha im gegenwärtigen Zeitalter ist Amitabha, der im Paradies des Westens thronende allbarmherzige Erlösergott, der alle, die ihn anrufen, selig macht. Der mächtige Bodhisattva der Gegenwart ist Avalokiteshvara4, der in seiner Hilfsbereitschaft auch vor Sünde und Höllenqual nicht zurückschreckt. Dazu finden die hinduistischen Götter Aufnahme in den Buddhismus.
Erzwungene Kastensystem in Nepal: Unter König Jayastathi Malla (1382-1395) wurden die Buddhisten unter Berufung auf die von Sankaracharya durchgeführten Maßnahmen, in ein rigoroses, neu geschaffenes Kastensystem eingegliedert. Außerdem wurde die Verwaltung und Jurisdiktion gestrafft. Man unterstellte, daß die unverheirateten Mönche ursprünglich aus der Bahun- (Brahmanen) oder Chettri- (Kshatriya) Kaste gekommen waren und nachdem sie gezwungen worden waren zur Heirat und Fortzupflanzung, sollten sie diesen Kasten weiter angehören. Zuunterst in dem hinduistischen Kastengefüge in Nepal stehen die unberührbaren Kasten, unter anderem die Kami (Schmiede), die Sarki (Schuster) und die Damai, die zwei Beschäftigungen ausüben: Sie sind Schneider und Musikanten. Die frühe Geschichte Nepals läßt Stämme, aber keine rigorose Kastenordnung erkennen.
Die Erlösung als das Ende des Strebens: Im Buddhismus redet man nicht nur von Wissen, das die Kausalität des Entstehens hebt sondern auch vom Nichtwissen, das die Bildung karmagestaltender Triebkräfte nach sich zieht. Die Triebkräfte sind die Urheber allen Strebens; da sie vom Nichtwissen freigesetzt wurden, bilden sie ein Bewußtsein aus, das sich dann im Einzelnen niederläßt. So kommt eine Individualität zustande, die nicht mehr ein leeres Bewußtsein trägt, sondern ein durch Eindrücke, Empfindungen, Bedürfnisse, Gier bzw. Streben angefülltes Organ.

Als Folge des Strebens tritt mit dem Lebenshang das karmische werden. Es realisiert sich als Wiedergeburt, und damit als Wiedereintritt in den Sansara, ins Dasein, ins Leid5. Das Streben ist das, was den Sansara bewegt und die Erlösung verhindert. Das Erlösungsstreben findet man auch im Hinduismus; hier wird das Streben selbst als Ursache des Leides erkannt. Das Streben nach guten Taten bewirkt eine bessere Wiedergeburt, nicht aber die Erlösung. Und Streben muß sich immer auf die Illusion des Ich richten, also auf das Nichtwissen. Läßt man diese Illusion als Wissender fallen, so erscheint die gesamte Welt des Samsara als eine Illusion. Im Durchschauen dieser Illusion (Maya) besteht die Erlösung, die in der völligen Aufgabe allen Strebens und der vollkommenen Ruhe des Geistes erreicht wird. Mit dem Verlöschen allen Strebens ist das Samsara überwunden.
Der Tod im Buddhismus: In den Himalayaregionen Nepals, wo die Bevölkerung überwiegend buddhistisch sind, findet man Manisteine und Chortens. Die Toten werden begraben und Chortens (Pukangs) als Denkmäler errichtet. Wenn ein Lama stirbt, dann muß ein anderer Lama das Feuerholz bei der Verbrennungszeremonie anzünden. Im Gegensatz zu dem hinduistischen Todesritual darf der Sohn des Verstorbenen die Todesreste seiner Eltern nicht anzünden.
Einer der wichtigsten Texte des tibetischen Buddhismus ist das Totenbuch "Bardo Thodol"6. Trotz seines Namens und der Tatsache, daß dieses Buch am Bett der Sterbenden von den Mönchen vorgelesen wird, ist es ein Buch des Lebens. Bardo heißt "Zwischenraum" (‘bar’ bedeutet zwischen, und ‘do’ heißt Insel ). Es ist nicht nur das Intervall des nachtodlichen Schwebezustandes, sondern vielmehr der Schwebezustand in der Situation des Lebens. Die Bardo-Erfahrung ist Teil unserer grundlegenden psychologischen Struktur. Dieses Buch erhält nicht nur eine Botschaft für jene, die bald sterben oder bereits gestorben sind, sondern auch eine Botschaft für jene, die bereits geboren sind.
Geburt und Tod widerfahren jedermann andauernd, genau in diesem Augenblick. Es besteht ein Konflikt zwischen dem Körper und dem Bewußtsein, und es gibt die dauernde Erfahrung von Tod und Geburt. Die Buddhisten in Nepal betrachten den Tod nicht als besonders unangenehme oder schwierige Situation. Der sterbende Mensch hat Anteil an seiner eigenen Festigkeit. Wenn man gefaßt ist, dann wird die Person im Bardo-Zustand automatisch davon angezogen. Mit anderen Worten: man sollte den sterbenden Menschen eine sehr geistes-gegenwärtige Situation präsentieren. Man sollte auf ihn eingehen, sich füreinander gegenseitig öffnen und das Zusammentreffen von zwei Seelen entwickeln.
Die Botschaft des Totenbuches ist folgende: Die Verwirrungen des Lebens werden durch die dualistische Sicht des Menschen verursacht. Indem er das Bardo Thodol aufmerksam liest oder hört, wird der Mensch befreit und in einem nicht-dualistischen Zustand versetzt, in dem sich die Verwirrungen in Weisheit umwandeln.
Im Mahayana Buddhismus gibt es die Lehre eines höchsten Gottes bzw. eines Ur-Prinzips, des Adi Buddha. Aus diesem entspringen die fünf Dhyani Buddhas, die als Verkörperung der fünf ursprünglichen Elemente, aus denen der Kosmos besteht, angesehen wurden. In der Regel werden die einzelnen Gottheiten mit der Miniaturfigur ihres jeweiligen Dhyani Buddha, aus dem sie emanierten, im Kopfschmuck gezeigt. Dabei werden die Bodhisattvas als Söhne der jeweiligen Dhyani Buddhas mit ihrem Buddha-Shaktis angesehen.
Obwohl die Erlösungswege von Hinduismus und Buddhismus verschieden sind, so gleichen sich die zwei Religionen in der Annahme des Sansara, die die Einmaligkeit des Lebens auf der Erde ablehnt und einen Kreislauf von Wiederbeburten setzt. Die ausgleichende Gerechtigkeit vollzieht sich selbst in der Qualität der Wiedergeburten. Im Christentum wird mit der Überzeugung der Einzigkeit des menschlichen Lebens auch die eines personalen, allmächtigen Gottes verbunden.
Während es für den Hindu keine einzige, fest umrissene, alleinseligmachende Wahrheit gibt, ist die Zuflucht zur Lehre für den Buddhisten unerlässlich.

1 Zustand jenseits von Sinneswahrnehmung und irdischem Bewußtsein im absoluten Sein. Im Buddhismus Ziel des Befreiungsstrebens nach Lösung aus dem Rade der Wiedergeburten (samsara). Bei Buddha bedeutet der Tod das Eingehen ins Nirvana und wird daher als Parinirvana bezeichnet.
2 Väth, Alfons: Die Inder, Herder Freiburg 1934 S. 20.
3 Dukkha: Pali
4 Avalokiteshvara: Der zu dem Transzendenten Buddha Amitabha und dem als Mensch inkarnierten Gautama Buddha gehörende Bodhisattva, als Allerbarmer und Retter aus allen Nöten angerufen, in 108 Aspekten, in Nepal identisch mit Macchendranath.
5 Sowohl in Hinduismus und Buddhismus ist das Grundproblem des Menschen das Leid (z.B. Krankheit). Ursache dieses Leids ist die Begierde (z.B. nach Gesundheit), dessen Wurzel wiederum die Illusion (Maya) ist. Überwunden werden kann das Leid also nicht durch Handeln. Was verlangt wird, ist eine Änderung der Einstellung d.h. die Loslösung.
6 Fremantle, Franziska, Trungpa, Chögyam: Das Totenbuch der Tibeter, Eugen Diederichs Verlag München 1991 S.34.

Let's Live Together, Despite the Differences (Satis Shroff)

Eva Gerhards, Satis Shroff & Toni Hagen at a pub in Freiburg

Let’s Live Together, Despite the Differences

(Satis Shroff, Freiburg)

I met Toni Hagen ages ago in Freiburg where he’d come to give a talk about Nepal, and I must say he made a jolly good impression. As a long-time Freiburger, I went with him to a local tavern near the Schwabentor for a swig of German beer. ‘I’ve travelled 14,000 km on foot in Nepal’ said Toni Hagen, a soft-spoken, silvery-haired Swiss-geologist who would be 89 years now, hadn’t Yamaraj beckoned him earlier. He had that typical Schwyzerdeutsch accent, and he liked to think of his days in Nepal in the early fifties as his ‘wandering years,’ for as is the custom in Switzerland and Germany, when you’re through with learning your trade you embark upon an adventurous trip seeking expertise in as many cities and countries as possible before you settle down some place. His poor wife had to remain in Lenzerheide with the children.

In the case of Toni Hagen, however, he seemed to be a wandering soul, even in the winter of his life, spending half of his time in the Swiss Alps and the other half in the Himalayas. He was one of the last living witnesses of a secretive Nepal of the Middle Ages. He entered the Kingdom at a time when it was a “forbidden land” in the early fifties. As the first foreigner who had the freedom of travelling in Nepal as he pleased, Hagen visited areas which are still forbidden to most people even today. Most Toni Hagen admirers can view his life and experiences in the film ‘The Ring of Buddha.’ It is a melange of original film material from the fifties, colour transparencies from his book on the geology of Nepal, and the viewer gets an idea of the Kingdom of Nepal and its peoples. When I saw the film, I had the uneasy feeling that he was saying goodbye to us all.

With the passage of time, Toni Hagen changed his profession from geology to development-work, and he was deeply concerned about the problems of development aid, its successes and failures not only in Nepal but also in many other countries. The people interested him more than the stratigraphic formations. In a book published by the Unesco, dealing with the ‘socio-economic problems of Nepal’ he mentioned the development projects in Nepal and said that the ‘ecological catastrophe prophesy’ that he made in the early fifties ‘has come true’ and talked about the pioneer work in the geological survey of Nepal from 1960 till 1970, and wrote about his new edition of ‘Nepal’ and proudly mentioned that it was a fourth edition ‘without any changes’, and called it a standard work on Nepal, which indeed it is.

He took delight in the fact that the World Bank stopped the Arun III project in Nepal thanks to his efforts and the united lobbying on the part of the ecological organisation Urgewalt, Dr. Hermann Warth, and the political fractions from the SPD, Bündnis 90, the Greens and the PDS in influencing the German government, in addition to the decision of the new World Bank president James Wolfensohn and the assertion of the then prime minister Adhikary. After the World Bank decision not to finance the dam project, it was taken for granted that the 235 million marks from the German side would be set aside for other smaller projects. The Arun III was observed in Germany as development-politics gone haywire.

‘What Nepal needs,’ he stressed, ‘is not road-building projects but genuine and effective help in the agricultural sector. What Nepal needs are not atomic plants but water-works.’ And he wasn’t tired of mentioning, with a sense of pride, that His Majesty King Birendra had read his old reports and had asked him for his opinion regarding Nepal’s optimal development.

‘Is it too late for my country?’ was the question asked by King Birendra, he said, and in the same breath he expressed his admiration for the Nepalese King. He was of the opinion that ‘constitutional monarchy and continuity are essential for Nepal’s survival,’ and praised the advantages of decentralisation, which according to him, is a central characteristic of democracy and is important for every case involving planning whether it’s hydroelectric plants or tourism. In those days, the only pressure that Nepal had as a sovereign state was from India in connection with the trade and transit disagreements. Times have changed and the threat is from within, in the form of maoists, and not from without.

Toni Hagen said, ‘Development must come from the grassroots.’ He was awarded the title of ‘Distinguished Person of Kathmandu City’ on 15th of June 1995 by the mayor of Kathmandu Mr. P.L. Singh, who also presented him a key to the city. On this occasion Toni Hagen went on record as saying ‘Despite the failure of some politicians and parties, freedom of speech, press-freedom, multiparty system and the role of the opposition in the parliament remain the most important trait of the new system in Nepale­se politics.

Nepal can be divided into seven zones: the Terai, the Siwalik Hills, the Mahabharat Mountains (Lekh), the Nepal Midlands, the Himalayas, the Inner Himalayas and the Tibetan marginal mountains. And according to Toni Hagen the river system existed before the Nepal Himalayas came into existence. The Himalayan rivers carved gigantic gorges. According to him it would be appropriate if the Midlands were not ignored today. Almost lamentably he said that the terai urwald, primeval forest, did not exist anymore and talked about the World Bank and the Nepalese government’s project of settling people from the hills to the terai.

From the terai to the hills you have in ascending order of crop cultivation: rice, wheat, maize, millet, potatoes and grassland. Wheat is a relatively new crop in Nepal. He found the soft green revolution in Kathmandu welcome, but at the same time he pointed to the fact that the population had risen in the last decade at an alarming tempo, and called it ‘schlimm’ and bad enough. Nepal, in comparison to other Asian countries, has five persons per hectre of land’, he said and ‘possesses the biggest concentration of population density’.

And then he started to talk about the soil erosion. From the terai at the gangetic-level upto a height of 1800m you have rice terraces and from there up to 3000m you have the Kampf­zone (battle-zone) for existence and above that you have, till an elevation of 3500m, forests with increasing erosion and then grasslands in the Himalaya regions. He pointed out that the steep terraces resulted in soil erosion caused by human beings. The yield per hectre had been decreasing and the land for cultivation had also been decreasing.

As far as the terai was concerned, his prognosis was that it would produce surplus food for a decade, and mentioned that most of the food went to India, because the traders in the plains offered better prices and the transport infrastructure was already there in form of good railways and roads.

In the terai the ground water can be reached at a depth of 2 metres. The terai, with its rich alluvial soil, could be developed into the corn-chamber of Nepal, much like the Punjab in India. And Nepal should not export its rice to India but keep it for domestic demands in the Kingdom. He shook his head and said, ‘It’s easy, but it doesn’t function. We may have a surplus at the moment but the question is whether we can keep up this production or not?’

The farmers must be helped was his argument. Toni Hagen admitted he didn’t have a patent recipe for the problems of Nepal. The farmers had been ignored in Nepal according to Toni Hagen (not so in Taiwan and Niger). He complained that the Foreign Aid until 1976 invested money mostly in road-construction projects which was a grave mistake, for it sucked up the last reserves of Nepal.

Nepal is like a very sick patient. Multilateral and bilateral aid agencies at the governmental and non-governmental level have injected foreign cash and material into Nepal, and the result is that the very economic structure has been weakened. A sum of US 552.8 million was transferred to Nepal without any visible changes in the economic structure of the country and has created an aid-industry in which the corrupt middlemen earn a good living. The country’s masses suffer stoically, as they have done throughout the centuries at the hands of other rulers. Chakari, nepotism and corruption are just as rampant in the post-democratic era as in the past.

It must be noted, he said, that above 90% of the Nepalese population lives on agriculture. The first priority was given to transport, then agriculture and lastly energy. The other way round would have been better on the long run.

He held a pedagogic finger and reminded one Nepal is a country with the biggest hydro-electric potential in the world. ‘Even back in the fifties I suggested to the government to develop energy. Some officials regarded him as ‘backward in his thinking,’ and according to him foreign ex­change was wasted on useless thermal energy projects.

Whereas the population of Nepal in 1950 was 8 million, in 1988 it was 17,5 million. Today it’s 27 million. And whereas the mean life expectancy in 1950 was 26 years, a Nepalese now can live to be 40 to 50 years old if not more. Malaria was rampant in 1950 with 3 million cases, and in the eighties malaria, which was thought to have been eradicated, has made a comeback because the ‘mosquitoes are immune’. Whereas there were 2,5 million domestic animals in 1962, there are over 3,2 million these days. And whereas there were 6,4 million hectares of forest in 1950, it was reduced to half, namely 3,2 hectares in 1982. And whereas the illiteracy in 1950 was 98%, by 1976 almost 77% of the boys (and 25% girls) had gone through compulsory primary school. And as for the medical aspects, 50% more Nepalese doctors are concentrated in Kathmandu Valley than anywhere else in the Kingdom. Due to the war between the Maoists and the government troops and police there has been a steady decline (38%) in the tourist since 1998. And more than 13 000 Nepalese have died in the struggle for power. This would have appeared like a nightmare to Toni Hagen, who had another picture of Nepal in his mind—corrupt, but peaceful and tolerant. Live and let live was the life philosophy. Today it’s live and let die.

The rate of people leaving the rural areas was 3% in 1951 in comparison to 12% in 1982. The crop production figures and prospects according to the Swiss expert look gloomy with a deficit in the year 2000, beginning already in the early with a downward trend.

To a question about the Swiss road in Jiri, which had been praised in German TV as an ecological and technical masterpiece, he said: ‘It’s well built, but wrongly laid (falsch Angelegt). Neither did he have words of praise for the Nepal-India road, nor for the Kathmandu-Lhasa highway, which were great engineering feats. The Tribhuvan Rajpath connecting Nepal with India (built in 1956) was very bad because of erosion along the sides of the road. He called it a ‘terrible construction’. In the meantime the road is open for traffic.

‘In development aid there’s always a wrong investment. The aid-donors wanted to do too much in Nepal. That was the problem’, says Toni Hagen.

On the 11th of April 1996 there was a two-day ‘Nepal Aid Group’ conference in Paris, the first of its kind since 1992. The participating 13 donor nations were: Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Holland, Norway, the Saudi Development Fond, Switzerland, U.K., USA, in addition to various international finance organisations. The summit granted for the period 1996-97 assistance worth US$ 993 million to Nepal.

The then Nepalese finance minister Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat said, ‘The meeting in Paris has proved that the donor-nations show a cooperative attitude towards Nepal. The main points that these countries complained about were: the constant posting of the government employees, their sinking morale and the delay in the posting and transfers of the civil servants engaged in the development works. The aid-donors suggested that the prices of the public service should be oriented to the actual costs and emphasised the necessity of controlling the rampant corruption’.

Another current trend in development aid from Europe is this ‘Help to Self-Help’ especi­ally from the Germans. In 1995 Nepal received 29.3 million German marks for the projects and programmes of the financial and technical cooperation (FZ & TZ). The financial cooperation involves family-planning, a road infrastructure and a biogas project.

Toni Hagen said, ‘The Nepalese, for instance, should plant trees and care for them for five years. Integral projects would be good for Nepal’ and went on to talk about big projects with the motto: ‘No money, no water’ in other countries. The big organisations of rich countries have lots of money for development projects but how the money was invested was another matter. In his book on development problems he analysed 230 development projects, and according to him in rural areas only small projects have a chance to survive.

He quoted the villager who said, ‘My village has survived so many development projects’. Does it do good to bring the villages in developing countries to modern levels?

Even Swiss villages have come into being through laborious processes of development over long periods of history. Nepal is trying to catch up with the developed world within a few decades. There’s also the question of loss of identity due to development aid. Toni Hagen’s world existed during the Hippie-happy and Flower-power days, for there were no signs of militant maoists in those days. I remember a visitor from England, who was travelling with his side-kick from south India, who said, ‘In Nepal even children can walk around the countryside without fear of being molested or abducted. The Nepalese are such a wonderful people.’ Today, the parents would think twice before they let their children roam about in Nepal.

During my Tri Chandra College days, the communist students came from Doti, Silgadi and Dharan and had stacks of literature penned by Kim Il Sung, Lenin, Marx and Mao’s red books, all made available by the respective cultural centres of these communist countries in Kathmandu. Nobody raised an eyebrow, for these books were available every, even at the Sajha shops of Kathmandu and elsewhere. Today the maoists have spread from Rukum and the Far West but also in Kathmandu. An educated working mother from Kathmandu, with a PhD from Germany, wrote recently to me, ‘Imagine how life in Kathmandu is, due to the corrupt politicians. Right now there are street blockades, actually economic blockades around Kathmandu imposed by the Maoists, The market-price of food commodities have gone pretty high. Sugar, kerosine and other fuels are not available. The businessmen are also responsible for the artificial scarcity. One has to be prepared to pay thrice the price for these commodities and you will get these. Life has become insecure for us Nepalese these days. Once you leave your house, you will never know what might happen. A bomb on the roadside might blow you up.’

Toni Hagen would have thought differently were he living these days, for Nepal has been undergoing a political and military turmoil and Nepal’s face has changed a lot. But let’s talk about our ageing Swiss friend. Toni Hagen’s eyes twinkled when he spoke about the humorous and sunny nature of the Nepalese soul. He called it ‘die Heiterkeit der Seele’ in German, which means the joyousness of the soul.

‘The Nepalese don’t take anything seriously, and themselves the least,’ he said with a smile. And then he switched over to an anecdote about one of the first DC-3 landings in Pokhara in 1950, which was quite a feat then. There was a big crowd of Gurung, Thakali and Tamang farmers gathered to watch the propeller-driven Dakota- aircraft. Out of the DC-3 came a jeep along the ramp and an astonished Nepali farmer said: “It’s like a birth. The small vehicle will learn to fly soon!” In his film he also mentioned his early porters who’d thrown his geological data, namely rocks from the Himalayas, because they’d though rocks are everywhere, so why carry them. It was a hilarious situation in the film, but such a thing wouldn’t have happened if he’d taken the trouble to talk with his porters in their lingo about the importance of the specimens they were carrying behind their backs.

‘Nepal hasn’t changed since the last 45 years in the hills,’ he said, with a twinge of nostalgia and talked about Pokhara with its backdrop of the gigantic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountains. He liked to call the Machapuchare the ‘Nepalese Matterhorn’ in his exquisite Swiss accent and said the Swiss Matterhorn looked so insignificant when compared with the Fish-Tail Mountain. And then he expressed his praise and admiration for the ‘precisely laid rice terraces in Nepal, a wonderful innovation of the Nepali people.’ The terrace farming is a several 100 year old tradition in Nepal. Speaking English as a Swiss geologist from Lenzerheide is one thing, but learning the Nepali language and speaking it is another. Most visitors to Nepal have the attitude that the Nepalese speak English, and they should learn German, Japanese which easier and more convenient for visitors than the other way around.

‘Rice is regarded noble and millet as of lesser quality,’ said Toni Hagen and spoke of the golden yellow millet fields below the Machapuchare. Below the 2000m Dhaulagiri you have the red ‘kodo’ millet-fields and kodo is protein-rich. He was also all-praise for the Nepali farmers with their diversification of products. There was no monoculture in Nepal (except in the tea-plantations of Ilam and Darjeeling). The farmers planted rice, wheat, potatoes and varied them.

The Rara lake at 3000m reminded him of the Swiss lakes in the Alps. And Langtang at 3,500m had lush meadows, with hundreds of edelweiss flowers like in the Alps. He said: ‘When I was in Langtang for the first time, I thought we could make cheese here with yak-milk and that’s how the Swiss-idea of setting up a dozen cheese factories in the Nepal Himalayas began. The cheese is transported on the backs of the Tamang and Sherpa porters from a height of 5,800m to Kathmandu. The Tibetans, Sherpas, Tamangs and other Nepalese ethnic groups knew only churpi, the Nepalese hard-cheese, which is pure casein.

I told him, ‘We, Nepalese, call it Nepali chewing-gum’ and he laughed. Toni Hagen appreciated the Swiss-aided Himalayan cheese and said they tasted just as good as the Swiss ones.

‘And some even have Swiss-holes in the cheese,’ he said with a laugh. This scribe remembers eating cheese and drinking yak-milk during his Amrit Science College days with his Nepalese Ascolite friends at the milk-shop in Thamel. It can happen that some have no enzyme called lactase in their intestine flora and cannot digest the milk-products and suffer from Kathmandu-quicksteps. The Swiss-idea was also a boon to the tourists, foreign residents and western-oriented Nepalese.

Recalling his surveys in the Khumbu area: Ama Damlam, Makalu and Mt. Everest he said, like a boarding-school boy who had gone out of bounds, “ In 1956 I managed to go to Tibet, to the north of Everest without permission. The Chinese were then in Tibet.” And talked about the dangerous and treacherous glaciers: “You’re never sure when water flows under the glacier.”

According to him there was an increasing population mobility in Nepal, but the racial schemes still exist. Then he was ecstatic about the incomparable harmonious religious tolerance in Nepal.

‘Take Swayambhunath for instance, which is for all Hindus and Buddhists. The Nepalese live near each other, mingle with each other: nebeneinander, durcheinander.’ he said. Today it`s more durcheinander due to the war in Nepal. But he certainly wasn’t thinking about Nepal’s political problems with the Maoists. What Nepal needs is a culture of tolerance between the warring political parties, for after battling with each other, the Maoists, democratic parties and the monarch should realise that what all in the end desire is peace. Peace and tolerance is a better path than violence. Aggressive behaviour and politics has only lead to destruction of all involved in Nepal’s struggle. Like old Hagen said, “Let us live together, despite the differences.”

Toni Hagen is dead, but my memories of him remain. His ashes were strewn over the Khumbu Himalayas at an altitude of 5500m by his daughter Katrin from a Karnali Air helicopter. I still see him with his blue glassy eyes, as he raised his beer glass, and said with a tinge of nostalgia, ‘Auf Nepal .’ I followed it up with ‘Auf die Schweiz!’ He’d invited me to Lenzerheide, but I never made it.


Satis Shroff describes himself as a mediator between western and eastern cultures and sees his future as a writer and poet. He lives in Germany according to the motto: once a journalist, always a journalist and has written over a period of three decades, what the Germans would call a “Landesumschau,” for his Nepalese readers with impressions from Freiburg, Venice, Rottweil, Prague, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Basel and Grindelwald. Satis Shroff has worked with The Rising Nepal (Gorkhapatra Corporation), where he wrote a weekly Science Spot and editorials and commentaries on Nepal’s development, health, wildlife, politics and culture. He also wrote weekly commentaries for Radio Nepal. He has studied Zoology and Geology in Kathmandu, Medicine and Social Science in Freiburg and Creative Writing under Associate Prof. Bruce Dobler, MFA, Iowa University and with Writers Bureau (Manchester). He was awarded the German Academic Prize.

Writing experience: Satis Shroff’s anthology ‘Between Two Worlds’ published by www.Lulu.com is about a writer caught between upheavals in two countries, Nepal and Germany, where maoists and skin-heads are respectively trying to undermine democratic values, religious and cultural life. Satis Shroff writes political poetry, in German and English, about the war in Nepal (My Nepal, Quo vadis?), the sad fate of the Nepalese people (My Nightmare, Only Sagarmatha Knows), the emergence of neo-fascism in Germany (Mental Molotovs, The Last Tram to Littenweiler) and love (An Dich, The Broken Poet, Without Words, About You), women’s woes (Nirmala, Bombay Brothel). His bicultural perspective makes his poems rich, full of awe and at the same time heartbreakingly sad. In writing ‘home,’ he not only returns to his country of origin time and again, he also carries the fate of his people to readers in the West, and his task of writing is a very important one in political and social terms. His true gift is to invent Nepalese metaphors and make them accessible to the West through his poetry. Read his poems, articles and essays on www.google & www.yahoo under search: satis shroff

Women's Woes in the Himalayas (Satis Shroff)

The Nepalese women are very hard-working and there's need for gendering in the Nepalese society as they have been too long ignored and discriminated. When a Hindu woman gets her menses, which is a physiological phenomenon, they are treated as impure in a society which promotes purity and pollution thinking, leadint to discrimination of women. If a Magar, Rai, Gurung, Lepcha,Madhisay would like to add his views it would be only too welcome.

This work draws on my own experience and observations during my visits to Kathmandu and sojourn and student-days in Nepal. Since Nepal is one of those rare places which Nature and culture-enthusiasts would like to visit, I thought the plight of the Nepalese women ought to be told by your truly, because till now Nepal is only known for its tough male Gurkha soldiers, who fought on the side of the British in the First and Second World Wars, in the Falklands and in Kosovo and Croatia, the sturdy male Sherpas who have worked for the glory of all climbing nations in the Khumbu area, and is also known as the Land of the Yaks and the abominal Yeti.

I thought it would also be topical to talk about the fate of the Nepalese women in the Shangri-la. In James Hilton’s book ‘The Lost Horizon’ the local women never get old (unless they leave the enchanting Shangri-la environment), but the average Nepalese women have a lifespan of 50 years in one of the least developed countries in the world, and they never live to be 60.
Women who have spontaneous or natural abortions, or give birth to still born babies are charged with infanticide and sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment because Nepal’s former abortion law was based on an ancient, draconian Hindu law. Imagine: 20 years of imprisonment for a woman, when the average lifespan is 50 years ! Abortion was prohibited in Nepal under any circumstances (rape, incest, or when a pregnant woman’s life is threatened). There are no fair trials for the needy and poor women of Nepal and the justice caters only to the rich and influential people.

‘ Due to the lack in clarity in Nepal’s Law, many Nepalese women have been victimised on the ground of spontaneous abortion, whether it was a simple miscarriage or abortion caused by the heavy manual labour on the part of the woman. The women of Nepal cannot defend themselves because of the lack of definition of abortion’, says Singh B. Moktan, the director of PAM Nestling Home (PAM= Prisoners Assistance Mission) in Kathmandu.

What is needed is a mobilisation of women in Nepal, the USA, Europe and the world over in fighting this ancient, archaic practice of the Rule of Garbhabat. Despite the fact that democracy has dawned in Nepal and different political parties are allowed, the male population still dominates Nepalese politics and the plight of women hasn’t changed much, even though there are tourists in Kathmandu and along the trekking-trails, flocking to Nepal to see the Himalayas and take pictures of its rural women and children for mellow home slide-shows, amid relatives and neighbours. The benefits of democracy and westernisation haven’t caught up with the majority of the Nepalese women as yet.

The entire world knows how hard the average Nepalese woman works in the fields and in urban areas, and the price she has to pay is immense. Ethnic Nepalese women sell their own products in the local markets and provide for the family. In other cases, the men give their earnings to their wives and the latter have a feeling of sharing the income, but when it comes to deciding what to buy, it’s always the men who take over. The desires and plans of the women are just ignored. Nepal’s males control property and decide all financial transactions in the family, and the women are left with peanuts. The women cannot take credits from the banks because they never possess anything, and hence have no security. The women tend to be traditionally docile and dependent upon their husbands due to the fact that they’re cut-off from financial sources.
The Nepalese men spend the family-savings as they please, for drinks and eating out with their friends, and for their own chauvinistic needs.

The women and children, on the other hand, have to do without basic items like clothes and school-fees. The majority of the illiterate and thus socially handicapped women think in the traditional hinduistic way and leave the men to make decisions. Many women also fear that they might lose their positions as family-treasurers.

There are a lot of doctors for the rich people in Kathmandu but none for those in the rural, isolated and God-forsaken hamlets of Nepal, and those deprived, hungry souls eking out a miserable existence in the hovels and slums under the Bagmati and Vishnumati bridges. A land where children are jailed if a mother is sentenced for aborting a dead child. The women in Nepal are handicapped from birth till death in their Himalayan environment--in their families, education, farms, offices and in every sphere of life. It’s a long and thorny path till the Nepalese women are accepted as persons, and not as properties that are malleable, and without wills of their own. The Nepalese women have to develop an awareness and self-esteem of their own worth, women’s rights, potential and the important roles they play in the economy of their families and the country in general.

According to a Unicef report, the children of Nepal have to start doing important work at an early age. They have to do baby-sitting, gather fire-wood, forage for feed for the domestic animals or drive them to the meadows. These chores take such a lot of time that the children don’t have time for school, especially daughters who have to help in the households at an early age. They have to work eight hours a day and the sons work just half of the time. Most Nepalese children work barefoot and wear inadequate clothing because they cannot afford it.

Nevertheless, Nepalese children attract your attention with their attentive looks, open and curious faces and their spontaneous and cheerful laughter. 46 per cent of Nepal’s population are younger than 15 years. And although 45 per cent of the six to eight year olds go to school, only half of them do their primary school exams. Nepal has millions of children without school-education and without carefree childhoods. Education can improve the survival chances of the children because there is a direct relationship between the literacy of women (4 per cent in Nepal) and infant mortality (child-death). In Nepal 134 out of 1000 children die in the first year of their birth.

It was only in 1950 that Nepal’s doors were opened to the outside world. Till then we lived in an age of political darkness. To the average Nepalese, going to Kathmandu was traveling to Nepal, because Kathmandu was Nepal. Later, the Panchayat government talked about a decentralised form of government but it was just a hoax. It was very much centralised, and still is, even after the democratic movement in 1990.

A lot of men and women lost their lives in their attempt to free themselves from the shackles of the Panchayat government and monarchy, and the result is that there’s no stability in Nepalese politics. There’s a change of government after short terms, with an alarming corruption and nepotism, and the NGOs in the aid-giving countries only shake their heads in disbelief, because their counterparts are shuffled and posted to remote places, depending on their political color.
The fact that the Nepalese woman suffers in society is deeply rooted in the social system and the anachronistic and discriminatory, patriarchal, hinduistic Civil Code (Muluki Ain) which was formulated under the reign of a king named Surendra Bikram in 1853.

It was modified by King Mahendra (the father of the present King Birendra) in 1963. If a Nepalese woman gives birth to a still-born child she is charged with infanticide on the evidence of a denunciation, without so much as a gynacological examination, and sentenced by the rule of Garbhabat, which is the Nepalese word for: destruction of life. The Nepalese Civil Code was made in a dark age of Nepalese history during which another form of social and cultural values were prevalent. Though the winds of change have swept in the Nepalese kingdom, the Code still remains unchallenged as far as the poorer section of the Nepalese population is concerned.
Many women who miscarry hide the evidence by not going for medical tratment and this can lead to infertility or even death. The Nepalese Code assumes that every pregnancy that fails due to natural causes is the fault of the mother --in effect, a deliberate attempt to abort the pregnancy, and it’s horrible to see a woman hauled off to jail as a criminal on top of the personal tragedy of the loss of a child that may have been longed for. It is possible for influential Nepalese women to get away with abortion without much fuss in the male-dominated Nepalese society.

Hindu marriage ceremony: If a Nepalese couple wants to elope and marry fast and cheap, all they do is perform a minimum of ‘tika-talo’ ritual ceremony, and they don’t even have to be registered. The normal hinduistic marriage is elaborate and arranged by the parents and is a family matter in which the caste plays a big role even today. The well-educated bridegrooms of Kathmandu Valley prefer to see a video of the bride-to-be in the case of arranged marriages to avoid the ‘cat-in-the-sack’ phenomenon. For the family of the bride it is a matter of prestige and the marriage is celebrated with much ado, and hundreds of guests are invited. This may have ruinous consequences for the family of the bride, because it means blowing up a lot of borrowed money in case the family isn’t wealthy. The dowry comprises both gifts and money and this is also an incentive for the bridegroom. The tradition is stronger than the legislation .
During the marriage ceremony the couple sit down cross-legged in front of the altar where scores of sacrificial objects are spread out on small cups made of banana leaves held together with tooth-pick sticks. The offerings consist of flowers, incense, water, oil-lamps, cinnober-powder, rice, sweets, fruit (depending on the season), coins, and even cloth.

Not all the stainless-steel thalis and Meissner porcelain are ritually pure in compari­son to the hand-made natural taparas from banana and other smooth leaves for the Gods and Godesses of the hinduistic pan­theon. The priest who performs the marriage-ceremony is a Benaras-educated Sanskrit-reciting Brahmin. In civil-life he works for the Nepalese government, but since he is a Brahmin by birth, he is often invited to carry out all forms of pujas by the Hindu population of Kathmandu. The house-bahun is consulted, who calculates the time for the rituals to be performed by consulting his astrological calendar. An auspicious day for the wedding has to be found, for the human being is a microcosm of the rhythm of the universe.

A young daughter is treated as a holy person, even holier as the cows that you see in the streets of Nepal, Sikkim and India and a young daughter brings a lot of positive aspects or punya to her parents. Normally the parents of the bride wash the feet of both bride and groom. The foot-washing is accompanied by the recitations of vedic lore by the Bahun priest beckoned by the parents of the bride. After that follows the gift-of-the-virgin (kanyadan) ceremony.
The bride wears a scarlet seven meter long sari, an embroidered silk blouse, traditional jewelry and her hair is parted in the middle. She wears pearls on her ears decorated with gold. A number of sacrifices are made to the Gods and Goddesses by sprinkling their symbolic effigies with jamara and holy water. This is followed by the entire family chanting "Om jaya jagadisha hare" to the accompaniment of a small ritual drum (dama­ru), the chiming of a bell and the blowing of a conch.

And then comes the actual swayamvara-ceremony with the sacrificial fire, which is made in the form of a quadrangle that encloses the ritual article: the sacred altar, with the fire in the centre.
Hindu Offerings

Various offerings are made to the dieties: Ganesh, Agni the God of Fire, the sky, wind, earth, water, and the hinduistic trinity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Sacrificial rituals have been an essential part of the vedic way of life. The sacrifice is simple but its meaning can be complex. This is followed by the sindur-potay ceremony. The bridegroom has to place vermillion (sindur) as a sign of marriage on the parting of the bride’s hair. A Hindu bride is expected to apply the sindur as long as her husband lives. After that the couple are obliged to walk around the sacrificial fire three times. In Hinduism, Agni (latin: ignis) is not only the God of Fire and ritual but also the fire itself and summons the power of the Sun God Surya to the sacrificial altar.
Divorce among Hindus

Even though Hindu marriages are elaborate, they can be annulled quicker than the marriages that end on the rocks of Reno. The divorce rate among the Nepalese is rising even though most marriages are arranged by the parents. It’s the male who files the divorce because he might have been forced to marry by his parents, and later when he has financial resources and is independent from his father, decides that his spouse is an unsuitable match. A couple is divorced when the man denies the relationship. And if the woman has the misfortune to be pregnant or has children, then she’s stigmatised and branded as immoral.

Article 11 of the Nepalese Constitution states that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of sex, but in Article 9 it states that the children of Nepalese male citizens are deemed to be citizens of Nepal by descent. The children of Nepalese female citizens with foreign fathers are considered foreigners, and have to reside in Nepal for fifteen years before they can be granted Nepalese citizenships.

Nepalese males should examine their own attitudes towards girls and women in their immediate surroundings. Do our daughters and sons get the same attention, affection and the same status?

Motherhood and Child-rearing: Marriage and rearing children shouldn’t be the sole aim of a woman’s life. In Germany, for instance, there’s an alarming high number of mothers-with-kids (alleinstehende Mütter). Living with a partner seems to have gone haywire and they prefer to live alone, cashing alimony cheques from the fathers of their children or living on hand-outs of the Social Department throughout Germany. The German law makes it possible. The Nepalese women have a tough time in their hinduistic, patriarchal milieus, which hardly give them a chance to get up once they have fallen in the eyes of the pollution-purity professing Hindu society.

Despite the sweeping changes that have been introduced in Nepal’s Civil Code since 1975, most women are ignorant of their rights because of the high illiteracy, low self-esteem and lack of self-consciousness. The Nepalese society plays a pivotal role in victimising women who have divorced or have separated from their partners. Widows are not allowed to wear scarlet saris, no wedding necklaces and the vermillion powder called tika. They have to wear white as a sign of mourning . The social stigma attached to these unfortunate women reduces their chances in the marriage-market. Nepalese males prefer chaste, untouched females, almost girl-children, as their brides.

After the success of the people’s movement, the new constitution of Nepal was promulgated in November 1990 and broke new ground as far as women’s rights to equality and fair-play are concerned. The State has been given the authority to legislate specific laws for the protection of the special rights of women.

Nothing has changed since then in practice, even though laws have been proclaimed by different governments. Although provisions have been made in the New Nepalese Constitution in favour of women and gendering, the elections showed that the major parties, and especially the males, are not prepared to improve the status of women in Nepal. Women are treated as second-grade citizens and even like servants, as can be seen in the laws relating to property rights, family rights and sexual rights.

My question is: Quo vadis Nepal?

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What others have said about the author:
„Die Schilderungen von Satis Shroff in ‘Through Nepalese Eyes’ sind faszinierend und geben uns die Möglichkeit, unsere Welt mit neuen Augen zu sehen..“ (Alice Grünfelder von Unionsverlag / Limmat Verlag, Zürich).
“ Since 1974 I have been living on and off in Nepal, writing articles and publishing books about Nepal-- this beautiful Himalayan country. Even before I knew Satis Shroff personally (later) I was deeply impressed by his articles, which helped me very much to deepen my knowledge about Nepal. Satis Shroff is one of the very few Nepalese writers being able to compare ecology, development and modernisation in the ‘Third’ and ‘First’ World. He is doing this with great enthusiasm, competence and intelligence, showing his great concern for the development of his own country”. (Ludmilla Tüting, journalist and publisher, Berlin).
“Due to his very pleasant personality and in-depth experience in both South Asian, as well as Western workstyles and living, Satis Shroff brings with him a cultural sensitivity that is refined. His writings have always reflected the positive attributes of optimism, tolerance, and a need to explain and to describe without looking down on either his subject or his reader”. (Kanak Mani Dixit, Himal Southasia, Kathmandu)
“Satis Shroff writes with intelligence, wit and grace”. (Bruce Dobler, Associate Professor in Creative Writing MFA, University of Iowa).